Environmental Biological Sciences - General Info

SUBJECT	SEMESTER	CFU	SSD
118387 - CELL BIOLOGY MARCELLO CECI	First Semester	6	BIO/13	Learning objectives Educational objectives The course aims to provide a basic knowledge on the functioning of cells (of how cells function and interact, how they organize themselves in tissues), providing a reference framework for a further study of specific genetic, biochemical and molecular topics, during the Biology course. Knowledge and understanding - Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and of the organization in tissues. Knowledge of the principles of cell structure, formation, transport and functioning of biological macromolecules in the cellular and extracellular environment. Basic knowledge of the structure of the nucleus and DNA / RNA. Basic knowledge of cell functioning from transcription to gene translation. Applying knowledge and understanding - The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to better understand the disciplinary insights of the teachings that will be carried out in the following years. Furthermore, in this course, in addition to providing a basic knowledge of cellular functioning, the knowledge relating to: ion pumps, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and cell adhesions, the transport of newly formed proteins / exocytosis and endocytosis will be particularly deepened. The students will then apply the aforementioned knowledge to the study of tissues and in particular of the neuron and nervous tissue, of muscle and muscle contraction, of the epithelium and its relationship with the connective tissue. Making judgments - The course offers links with other disciplines of the degree program by providing an integrated, current and dynamic knowledge, susceptible of specific insights such as: a) reading of scientific material found through keyword research and also provided and shared with learners on the google-drive site see text item; b) possibility to work on the power point material provided by the teacher and available on the above link; c) possibility to participate in themed seminars organized by the teaching staff. Communication skills - During the lessons students are invited to give their opinion and to study in groups to develop their communication skills. These skills are then verified during the ongoing exams and at the end of the training activities. Learning skills - Students must be able to describe scientific topics related to cytology and in particular to the biology of the cell and its organization with other cells in tissues. To consider the learning of the objectives as expected, it is important to not only know the topics of the proposed program, but also to be able to connect the various topics of the program, to express them using terms, the specific terms and to apply them to themes will be taken into consideration. similar to the program. Such restitution skills will be developed through the active involvement of students in the in-depth study of the course topics Teacher's Profile courseProgram PROGRAM Part I The concept of a living organism. Cellular theory. Procariots and Eucaryotes. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Organizational levels of pluricellular organisms: differentiated cells, tissues, organs. Orders of magnitude of the dimensions of different organisms and of different levels of organization. Chemical composition of living. Water: Its features of biological interest. Suspensions and solutions. Ions. The pH of the solutions. The hydrogen bond. The carbon atom and the chemistry of life. The concept of "symmetry" in carbon compounds of biological interest. The hyaluronic macromolecules: the main biological glucids (exotic and pentose). Steric and optic isomers. Their polymers. The main lipids of biological interest (phospholipids, fatty acids, steroids, hydrophobia and hydrophobia.) Water-soluble and liposoluble compounds Proteins such as amino acid polymers Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structures Glycosylated proteins and lipoproteins The "form" Protein molecules in relation to their function Enzymes as biological catalysts Nucleic acids DNA structure RNA structure and biosynthesis Riboenzymes Ribosomes Structure, synthesis and function Generalities on protein synthesis The cell as a unit Fundamental features of living organisms Common characteristics and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, between plant and animal cells Cell-study methods: different types of microscopes, colorings, immunohistochemistry, etc. Cell membranes: chemical composition and characteristics. The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Glycosylate and glycolipid proteins and membrane lipoproteins. Plasma membrane and "recognition" between cells. The glycohol. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels and ionic pumps. Energy metabolism: from photosynthesis to breathing. Transducers of electrons and protons. Triphosphate nucleotides. Ionic channels Na, K, Ca. Endocytosis and exocytosis processes. Membrane potential. Endocytosis mediated by receptors. Cucumbers. The smooth and wrinkled endoplasmic reticulum. The central vacuum of plant cells. The Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes and endocellular digestion. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis. The Perissisomi. Membrane bound membranes characterized by the presence of internal membranes: mitochondria and plastids of plant cells. Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids. Characteristics of the membranes of these organelles. Relationship between structural organization and energy metabolism function of mitochondrial membranes and chloroplasts (notes). Notes on the presence of ion channels acting on ATP-synthetase. Generalities on the four fundamental tissues and their embryonic branching. Pluricellularity and differentiation. Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Excitable Fabrics: 1) glandular epithelial tissue; Muscle tissue; 3) Nervous tissue. Glandular epithelium. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands: Characteristics and Embryonic Differentiation. Classification criteria. Cytoplasmic specifics of glandular cells related to their specific functions. The secular role of sinaptotagmans. Skeletal and cardiac striated muscular tissue, contractions. Neuron and cellular organization, exocytosis of neurotransmitters. Part II The Epithelium. Classification and functions. The lashes and microvilli. Relationships between cells and junction structures: zonula occludens, adherent zonula and desmosomi. Basal surface of the epithelium: relationship with connective tissue and basal lamina. Renewal of coating epitels: the germinating layer. Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connector properly said. Classification of connectors. Reticular and elastic collagen fibers: morphofunctional characteristics. The connective cells and their function. The connective and the processes of defense of the organism. The Scythian reticulum system. Special connective tissues. The adipose tissue. The blood. Functions. Plasma: composition and functions. White and erythrocyte cells: Morphological and functional characteristics. Migration of white blood cell and connective cells. Cellular differentiation and specific functions in the connective. Plates: origin and function. Hematopoietic tissues. Hematopoietic lymphoid and myeloid. Blood and lymph vessels: general characteristics. Support Connectors. The cartilage tissue. The matrix and the chondrocytes. Histogenesis and degenerative cartilage phenomena. Bone tissue. Calcium support and reserve function. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic bone structure: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts: dynamic stability of bone tissue. Bone histogenesis: intramembranous ossification. The cytoskeleton and the "shape" of cells in animal and plant organisms. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. The rigid wall of plant cells. The cellular movement. Control and regulation of endocellular movements. Ameboid movement. Eyelashes and scourges. Intercellular junctions. Mechanical joints (desmosomes); Sealing joints; Communicating junctions and electronic coupling. Plasmodymas of plant cells. Functional analogues between communicative junctions of animal cells and plasmodies of plant cells. The endocellular membranes in eukaryotic cells. Biogenesis of membranes. The nucleus of eukaryotes and its equivalent in procariates. Structure of the interfacial core. Eucromine and Heterocromatine. Structural and optional heterochromatin. The nucleolo. Nuclear enclosure and nuclear pores. Core-Plasma Communication. Chemical composition of chromatin and its organization. Histones and nucleosomes. The cell cycle. The interfase (phases G1, S, G2). DNA and its genetic function. DNA with unique, average and highly repetitive sequence. Genetic code and protein synthesis. DNA in mitochondria and plastids. Biosynthesis and function of messenger, ribosomal and transfer RNAs. Selective activation of genes and differentiation. Interface arrays with peculiar characteristics: polythene chromosomes. The cell cycle: cell division. Stateless cells, diploids and polyploids. The mitosis (equation division) in animal and plant cells. Cell division in prokaryotes. The bacterial "chromosome". Eucariotic chromosomes. Structure of chromosomes. Pattern of the overwhelming ansect chromosome. Meiosis or Reduction Division. Somatic cells and germ cells. Apollo phase and diploid phase. Zygotic, intermediate and terminal meiosis. Special features of gametes. Gametogenesis in upper vertebrates. Gonadal differentiation and protogon migration (only notes). Meiosis: description of the process and its genetic meaning. Nuclear maturation and cytoplasmic maturation. Specificity of egg cell differentiation: synthesis and accumulation of substances of particular importance in the early stages of embryonic development: RNA long-life messengers, specific proteins with informational role. examMode oral examination: the questions will focus on the understanding the definitions proposed in the program, on the ability to connect the definitions among them, on the ability to expose the definitions by using appropriate terms and to connect them to related topics books Dini Romano et al.; Citologia e Istologia, Idelson-Gnocchi C. Lewin “Cellule”, Zanichelli Alberts et al., Biologia molecolare della Cellula, Zanichelli Alberts et al. L'essenziale di Biologia Cellulare e molecolare Zanichelli mode Lectures in the classroom supported by PowerPoint presentations with figures, process diagrams and videos. At a distance, students have access to all the material (moodle, google drive, with a link in the text item). An hour of practical lessons with the microscope was included to allow the student a first practical approach to histology. 72 hours are foreseen for the frontal teaching activities. Depending on the pandemic situation for SARS-COV-2, the teaching method may be: traditional (preferably as much as possible in the classroom), mixed distance-traditional, or entirely remote. In the second and third eventualities, online lessons will be guaranteed on a platform determined by the University. classRoomMode Frequency recommended but optional bibliography See recommended texts
118385 - MATEMATICS AND STATISTICS LUCA MAISTI	First Semester	9	MAT/05	Learning objectives Educational objectives The aim of the course is to provide students with the main notions of the analysis mathematics and statistics, aimed at making students learn techniques necessary to study the functions, solve problems based on integral calculus and solve some easy differential equations. Where possible, the concepts covered will be applied to build and study mathematical models of real phenomena related to applied sciences, in particular biology. Knowledge and understanding - Acquire knowledge the concepts of function, limits and derivability of the functions of one real variable and all the notions that allow you to study a function; the notion of integral, integration methods and the main ones applications of integral calculus; differential equations and some solving methods. Applying Knowledge and understanding - Knowing how to use the concepts learned for solve equations and inequalities; calculate limits, derivatives, integrals and study functions; solve differential equations. Making judgements - Be able to identify the appropriate rules to apply to solving new problems, similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills - Students' ability to talk, reason and will be stimulated discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics treated. Learning skills - Be able to discuss some scientific topics by building simple mathematical models. Teacher's Profile courseProgram - origins and applications of mathematics - sets and numerical sets; induction principle - real variable functions - properties of functions - limits calculation and continuity - calculation of derivatives, optimization in one variable and study of the concavity - integral calculation - differential equations and some models - statistical analysis: data and representation, position and dispersion indices, correlation - probability elements and combinatorial calculus; discrete and continuous variables examMode The assessment of learning will be carried out through a written test and an optional oral test. The written test involves the resolution of exercises on course topics as well as some questions, to be carried out in 2 hours. The oral test is concerned with the discussion of the written test and the course topics. The written test is considered passed with a vote of at least 18/30. books Recommended Texts: 1. Elementi di Statistica e Matematica - Luca Secondi e Donatella Crea 2. Esercizi e Applicazioni di Statistica e Matematica - Luca Secondi, Marco di Pietro, Sara Milliani classRoomMode Attendance at lessons and exercises is not mandatory but strongly recommended
118389 - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY GIORDANO PONETI	First Semester	7	CHIM/03	Learning objectives Educational objectives The course introduces, through frontal lessons and exercises, the basic concepts of Chemistry, aiming to the understanding and to the theoretical and experimental analysis of biological phenomena. The study of stoichiometry allows to describe the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions. The knowledge of the atomic structure and the periodicity of the atomic properties is the foundation for the discussion of the different kinds of chemical bonds and interactions, of the molecular geometries as well as the nomenclature of simple chemical compounds. Chemical thermodynamics deals with the energy involved in chemical processes (both reactions and phase transitions), while chemical kinetics describes the rate of such processes, allowing to rationalise the concept of chemical equilibrium, a central topic in biochemical phenomena. Examples of fundamental chemical reactions are finally presented, like acids and bases, precipitation and redox reactions. These concepts are key to the critical understanding of the chemical aspects underlying the different topics of the degree course. Knowledge and understanding - Knowledge of the basic principles of General Chemistry to understand the reactivity and fundamental chemical properties of matter, with particular reference to its application in Biochemistry. Applying Knowledge and understanding - The students will be able to balance chemical reactions, estimate the heat, rate and spontaneity of a chemical process, solve problems about colligative properties, chemical, acidic and base and solubility product equilibria. Making judgements - Gain the basic knowledge required to interpret the chemical topics discussed in the course. Communication skills - Develop a good exposing ability (written and oral) of the acquired concepts. Learning skills - To be able to learn and analyse the topics in different contexts and autonomously. Teacher's Profile courseProgram 1. Introduction Introduction to Chemistry and to the course. Concepts of elements, compound and homogeneous and heterogenous mixtures. The atomic structure: from Democritus to Dalton. Protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number, concept of isotope. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical and physical transformation. The laws of conservation of matter, of defined proportions and multiple proportions. 2. Stoichiometry Avogadro's number, mole and molar mass. Balance of a chemical reaction: elements of stoichiometry (yield of a reaction and limiting reagent). Chemical analysis by combustion. Classes of compounds and nomenclature. The oxidation number. Balancing redox equations. 3. The electronic structure of the atom The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, atomic spectra. The duality wave/particle of matter and the De Broglie equation. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The Schroedinger equation. Atomic orbitals, quantum numbers and electron spin. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic and ionic radius. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond The covalent bond (pure and polar), ionic, dative and metallic bonding. Electronegativity and electric dipole moment. Valence and oxidation number. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Classification and nomenclature of oxides and their hydrolysis products. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Notes on the theories of Valence Bond and Molecular Orbitals. Hybridization. Sigma and pi orbitals. Resonance. Intermolecular forces: Van der Waals, London and hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases and Van der Waals equation. 6. Chemical thermodynamics Thermodynamic systems definitions: open, closed, isolated. Status functions. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess law. Thermochemistry. Second principle of thermodynamics: microscopic and macroscopic definitions of entropy. Spontaneous processes. Gibbs Free energy. Temperature effects on the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 7. Chemical Kinetics Definition of the rate of a chemical reaction. Kinetic laws and kinetic order of a reaction. Integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation and activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 8. Chemical equilibrium Thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law: KC and KP. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. 9. Condensed states - liquid and solid Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. One component phase diagram. Phase diagram of water. Distillation. Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Lattice energy and Madelung constant. Polymorphism and allotropy. 10. Solutions Concentration units of solutions. Solubility and thermodynamics of dissolution. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Colligative properties: lowering of vapor pressure (Raoult's law), elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure. Henry's law. Non-ideal solutions: fractional distillation and azeotropic mixtures. Activity and ionic strength. Colloids: lyophilic and hydrophilic. Amphiphilic substances: micelles. 11. Acids and bases General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and relation with the acid-base properties. Water autoprotolysis, pH and pOH. Calculation of pH of acidic, basic, monoprotic and polyprotic solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic and electrolytic cells. Standard potential and electromotive force. The electrochemical series and the spontaneity of a redox reaction. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells: the Nernst equation and the equilibrium constants of a redox reaction. examMode The exam is a written test featuring open questions about theory, numerical exercises, multiple choice questions and true/false questions, in line with what presented in the classes and reported in the suggested bibliography. The oral exam is devoted to overcoming light insufficiencies at the written test. books The lectures are based on the following books: P. W. Atkins, L. Jones, "Chemical Principles - The quest for insight", V edition, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York Raymond Chang, Jason Overby, «Chemistry», McGraw Hill Ed. Additional recommended texts: P. W. Atkins, L. Jones, "Chemical Principles - The quest for insight", V edition, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York J. C. Kotz, P, M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, "Chemistry and chemical reactivity", VII edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning T. E. Brown , H. E. LeMay , B. E. Bursten , C. Murphy , P. Woodward, "Chemistry, the central science", XIII edition, Pearson NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students. mode The classes will be in person. The teacher will use the blackboard as primary didactic element, supported by slides, which will be given to the students as supporting teaching material. The primary teaching element, beyond the attendance to the classes (which is, anyway, facultative, even if strongly suggested), is the book. In the classes, the teacher will explain the theory of the course, complementing with exercises. During the lessons the interaction of the students with the teacher is nurtured and fostered. classRoomMode The classes will be in person. The teacher will use the blackboard as primary didactic element, supported by slides, which will be given to the students as supporting teaching material. The primary teaching element, beyond the attendance to the classes (which is, anyway, facultative, even if strongly suggested), is the book. In the classes, the teacher will explain the theory of the course, complementing with exercises. During the lessons the interaction of the students with the teacher is nurtured and fostered. bibliography Recommended texts: P. W. Atkins, L. Jones, "Chemical Principles - The quest for insight", V edition, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York J. C. Kotz, P, M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, "Chemistry and chemical reactivity", VII edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning T. E. Brown , H. E. LeMay , B. E. Bursten , C. Murphy , P. Woodward, "Chemistry, the central science", XIII edition, Pearson NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.
118386 - ANIMAL BIOLOGY CLAUDIO CAREREVALERIA MAZZA	Second Semester	9	BIO/05	Learning objectives The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the course of study, aims at forming the skills of critical analysis based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline , oriented to environmental studies. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. Teacher's Profile courseProgram A - General (2 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. Inter- and intra-specific variability; 9. Dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 10. Evolutionary mechanisms; 11. Natural selection; 12. Speciation; 13. Reproductive isolation; Fundamentals of behavioural biology; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature B - Biological functional systems (2 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals C - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). D - Applications of zoology to environmental monitoring (2 CFU); methods of behavioural analysis; Evaluation of the biological quality of watercourses with Macroinvertebrates, with field exercises examMode The exam takes place in the forms established by of the University Teaching Regulations. An electronic report is drawn up, signed by the President of the commission. The vote is expressed in thirtieths, eventually cum laude. Passing the exam requires the awarding of a grade not lower than eighteen / thirty and involves the assignment of the corresponding university educational credits. The exam will take place in the following ways: 1) verification of the knowledge of the basic elements related to zoological nomenclature and zoological taxonomic methodologies; 2) question on general aspects of animal biology (part A. of the program); 3) application on part B. of the program; 3) practical test of recognition of animal taxa (part C. of the program). In the evaluation of the tests and in the attribution of the final grade, the following will be taken into account: the level of knowledge (superficial, appropriate, precise and complete, complete and thorough), the ability to apply the theoretical concepts (errors in applying the concepts , discreet, good, well established),the capacity for analysis, synthesis and interdisciplinary connections (sufficient, good, excellent), the capacity of critical sense and of formulation of judgments (sufficient, good, excellent), of the mastery of expression (poor, simple, clear and correct, rich and correct). books Any recent university textbook in Zoology, Animal Biology or Animal Biodiversity. Other material (pdf, ppt, recognition forms) provided by the teacher. mode Interactive lectures supported by Power Point and audiovisual presentations Group discussions for in-depth study of specific topics also aimed at the orientation for the choice of the thesis subject Case study discussion Scientific seminars on specific topics Critical reading and discussion of scientific articles Field trips and excursions classRoomMode There is no obligation to attend, but it is strongly recommended bibliography Zoology Publisher: McGraw-Hill College; 11° edition September 2018 - ISBN: 9781260162042 Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach. Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc; 10° edition February 2013 - ISBN: 9781605351650 Teacher's Profile courseProgram Bases of ethology, and its application to the study of animal biology and conservation (2 CFU); methods for behavioural analyses with related practice. examMode The exam takes place in the forms established by of the University Teaching Regulations. An electronic report is drawn up, signed by the President of the commission. The vote is expressed in thirtieths, eventually cum laude. Passing the exam requires the awarding of a grade not lower than eighteen / thirty and involves the assignment of the corresponding university educational credits. The exam will take place in the following ways: 1) verification of the knowledge of the basic elements related to zoological nomenclature and zoological taxonomic methodologies; 2) question on general aspects of animal biology (part A. of the program); 3) application on part B. of the program; 3) practical test of recognition of animal taxa (part C. of the program). In the evaluation of the tests and in the attribution of the final grade, the following will be taken into account: the level of knowledge (superficial, appropriate, precise and complete, complete and thorough), the ability to apply the theoretical concepts (errors in applying the concepts , discreet, good, well established),the capacity for analysis, synthesis and interdisciplinary connections (sufficient, good, excellent), the capacity of critical sense and of formulation of judgments (sufficient, good, excellent), of the mastery of expression (poor, simple, clear and correct, rich and correct). books Any recent university text on Zoology, Animal Biology or Animal Biodiversity. Other material (pdf, ppt, recognition cards) provided by the lecturer. SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Zoology Publisher: McGraw-Hill College; 11° edition September 2018 - ISBN: 9781260162042 Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach. Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc; 10° edition February 2013 - ISBN: 9781605351650 mode Synchronous, in-person lectures. Group discussions for in-depth study of specific topics, also aimed at the choice of thesis topics. Discussions of case studies. Seminars on specific topics. Critical analysis and discussion of scientific articles. Field trips and excursions. classRoomMode Voluntary bibliography ny recent university text on Zoology, Animal Biology or Animal Biodiversity. Other material (pdf, ppt, recognition cards) provided by the lecturer. SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Zoology Publisher: McGraw-Hill College; 11° edition September 2018 - ISBN: 9781260162042 Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach. Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc; 10° edition February 2013 - ISBN: 9781605351650
118383 - PLANT BIOLOGY MARCELLA PASQUALETTI	Second Semester	9	BIO/02	Learning objectives Educational objectives The course will enable students to understand the peculiar morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristics of plants, their role in the environment and interactions with other organisms. Furthermore, it will allow to know the basic techniques for their taxonomical identification. The course will provide a framework for understanding current issues related to plants (I.e., climate changes, soil stability, desertification processes) and their potential applications. The course will provide the necessary insights to understand the ecological peculiarities of plants and their role in the Biosphere. Knowledge and understanding - To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of biology, physiology and ecology of plants and their potential in terms of applications. Applying Knowledge and understanding - To understand the main ecosystem issues concerning plants with particular regard to interactions with the other biotic components including humans. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the plant communities. Making judgement - The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in botany. The ability to understand the role of the studied organisms in the environment and their influence on the biosphere. Communication skills - Ability to describe scientific topics related to plant biology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language. Learning skills - Ability to use the methods acquired for studied organisms recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Introduction to the course. Peculiarities of plant organisms. Autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell theory. Evolution of the eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis). The plant cell: plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, secretory pathways. Vacuoles. Cell wall. Plastids. Cell differentiation and growth. Plant tissues: structure and function. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Parenchymatic tegumental, mechanical, conductor and secretory tissues. Plant anatomy. The stem structure and function. Apical bud, cell differentiation. Primary structure: Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous. Differentiation of the cribro-vascular exchange (secondary meristem), secondary structure, fellogeno and felloderma. The root structure and function, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots. Absorption of water and mineral salts. The leaf structure and function; stomatal anatomy and control of stomatal aperture. Vegetative propagation, asexual and sexual reproduction. Life cycles: haplont, diplont, the haplo-diplont cycle of plants. Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis, macrosporogenesis and macrogametogenesis. The flower: the gynaeceum and the androecium; evolutionary aspects. Reproductive strategies: anemophilous and entomophilous pollination. Fertilization, development of the fruit. The seed and their dissemination. Plant diversity, concepts of systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature. Main morphological, biological, phylogenetic and ecological aspects of Algae (Cianophyta, Glaucophyta, Euglenophyta, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Dinophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Streptophyta, Eterokontophyta), Bryophyta, Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphaenophyta, Pteridophyta, Coniferophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Anthophyta (Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous). Fungi: Chytridiomycota, ex-Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, mitosporic fungi. Photosynthesis (C3, C4, CAM), photorespiration. examMode The student will be assessed through questions regarding the entire program carried out. books Pasqua, G., Abbate, G., Forni, C., & Acosta, A. T. (2011). Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin. Ray F Evert Susan E Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. (2013). Settima edizione italiana condotta sull'ottava edizione americana.Trad. di A. Virzo, V. Vona, R. Castaldo, A. Basile, C. Rigano, D. Rigano, R. Nazzaro, P. Caputo, A. Pollio, G. Siniscalco Gigliano, V. Spagnuolo. Zanichelli. mode Lectures (56 h), laboratory experiences and educational excursions (16h). classRoomMode Lesson attendance is highly suggested. bibliography Burki, F. (2014). The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 6(5), a016147. Katz, L. A., Grant, J. R., Parfrey, L. W., & Burleigh, J. G. (2012). Turning the crown upside down: gene tree parsimony roots the eukaryotic tree of life. Systematic biology, 61(4), 653-660. Pasqualetti, M., Giovannini, V., Barghini, P., Gorrasi, S., & Fenice, M. (2020). Diversity and ecology of culturable marine fungi associated with Posidonia oceanica leaves and their epiphytic algae Dictyota dichotoma and Sphaerococcus coronopifolius. Fungal Ecology, 44, 100906. Pasqualetti, M., Barghini, P., Giovannini, V., & Fenice, M. (2019). High production of chitinolytic activity in halophilic conditions by a new marine strain of Clonostachys rosea. Molecules, 24(10), 1880.
118424 - ENGLISH	Second Semester	4		Learning objectives Educational objectives - The student can: understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. Knowledge and understanding -The learner is able to know and understand the topics related to the syntax and vocabulary of the English language for a B1 level, which concern the structures to be used in everyday communication. He/she is also able to understand the key points of topics relating to their specific field of study. Applying Knowledge and understanding -The learner is able to interact with ease, without errors and misunderstandings, in everyday situations where the language of communication is English. He/she is able to use the tools and vocabulary learned related to their field of study. Making judgements - The learner is able to independently deepen, through information and communication technologies, what he/she has learnt with regard to everyday aspects of language use but especially with regard to knowledge acquired in his/her specific field of study Communication skills - The learner has acquired the ability to produce written texts, in a clear and complete manner, on topics of everyday life but also on subjects related to their specific field of study. Learning skills - The learner is able to act independently to deepen and integrate the knowledge acquired during the course, expanding the specialised lexicon, writing and communication strategies to be implemented in an English language conversation.
118390 - PHYSICS AND LABORATORY CHIARA BALDACCHINI	Second Semester	9	FIS/07	Learning objectives Educational objectives The aim of the course is to provide students with the fundamental concepts of physics, at the same time providing the logical-deductive tools necessary to achieve a full understanding of the issues presented. Students will acquire the basic principles of the scientific method that combines the experimental approach with a mathematical-deductive approach. Particular attention will be paid to the critical and historical analysis of the concepts on which a scientific theory is based. Knowledge and understanding - To have developed the knowledge of the fundamental principles of Physics and of the relative methodologies. Applying Knowledge and understanding - Knowing how to use the concepts learned even in contexts different from those presented. Making judgements -Develop critical analysis skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills - Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics discussed will be stimulated. Learning skills - Being able to discuss fundamental scientific topics of Physics and its applications. This skill will be developed and verified by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Physics (56 hours) The experimental method, dimensional analysis, unit of measurement, the International System. The experimental measure, measuring instruments, random and systematic errors. Description of motion: kinematics in one dimension, kinematics in two dimensions, vectors. Force and mass, Newton's laws. Circular motion and Law of gravitation. Work and Kinetic energy. Power. Conservative forces, elastic forces and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Dissipative forces and friction. Conservation of momentum. Rotational motion. Conservation of the rotational momentum. Statics and bodies in balance. Elasticity and rupture. Vibrations and waves (harmonic motion, sound). Fluids (static, dynamic, viscosity, surface tension). Temperature and kinetic theory, heat, principles of thermodynamics, thermic machines, efficiency, and entropy. Electric charge, electric field and electric potential energy. Capacity and dielectrics. Electric currents and circuits in direct current. Electric power. Magnetism. Magnetic properties of matter. Electromagnetic induction and Faraday’s law. Electromagnetic waves and their spectrum. Light: geometric optics (reflection, refraction and dispersion) and physical optics (polarization, interference, diffraction). Spectroscopic techniques. Optical instruments (human eye and microscope). Resolution. Quantum theory and Photoelectric effect. Atomic models. De Broglie's length and hypothesis. Electronic and atomic force microscopy. Quantum Mechanics and quantum numbers. Radioactive decay. Measurement of ionizing radiation doses. Physics laboratory (16 hours) Evaluation of uncertainties in direct measurements. Significant figures. Discrepancy. Propagation of errors: sum and difference, product and quotient. Calculation of errors for functions of a variable and for functions of several variables. Errors in repeated measurements: average as best estimate, standard deviation, standard deviation of the mean. Gaussian distribution. Least squares method. Correlation coefficient. Binomial distribution. Poisson’s distribution. Chi-square test. Graphs: histograms, scatter plots, linear scale, semilogarithmic scale, logarithmic scale. Laboratory experiences: - Theory of Errors - Harmonic motion - Geometric optics - Radioactivity examMode The exams consist of a written test that covers the entire program carried out, including laboratory activities. In the written test some problems are assigned. Each problem can be solved according to the methodologies, the understanding of the physical principles and the examples presented in class. In addition to questions that require application and development of formulas, as well as numerical resolution, open questions can be introduced, to which the student must answer concisely. The mark of the written test is expressed in 27ths. The final grade of the exam will be obtained by adding the grade of the written exam with that of the four reports. The four laboratory reports will be evaluated, and each will be assigned a maximum grade of 1. The exam is passed if the student receives a total score of at least 18/30. The calendar of appeals is published on the University website, and registration for exam appeals is made through the same website. In the event that, due to government or university regulations, it is not possible to carry out face-to-face exams, the exam will be only oral, at a distance, by means of Meet platform. books - Giancoli “Fisica” edizione con Fisica Moderna - III Edizione- Casa Editrice Ambrosiana - Taylor “Introduzione all'analisi degli errori. Lo studio delle incertezze nelle misure fisiche” - Zanichelli mode Lectures and laboratory activities. classRoomMode Attendance at lectures is optional. Attendance at the laboratories will be evaluated in the final mark. For each experience the students will have to produce a report, individual or group depending on the number of students participating in the activity. bibliography - Giancoli “Fisica” edizione con Fisica Moderna - III Edizione- Casa Editrice Ambrosiana - Taylor “Introduzione all'analisi degli errori. Lo studio delle incertezze nelle misure fisiche” - Zanichelli

SUBJECT	SEMESTER	CFU	SSD	LANGUAGE
118391 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BRUNO MATTIA BIZZARRI	First Semester	7	CHIM/06		Learning objectives The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. examMode The exam consists of a written test followed by an oral test. The written test consists of 5 graphic and numerical exercises relating to the topics covered in the course. Students who have obtained the minimum of 18/30 enter the oral test. The oral test consists in the discussion of the results of the written test with possible insights on other topics of the program related to them. books -Chimica Organica Essenziale 2a Edizione a cura di Bruno Botta (ediermes) -Guida Ragionata allo Svolgimento di Esercizi si Chimica Organica. D'Auria, Scafati, Zampella (Loghia) mode Frontal lessons in the classroom at the Civitavecchia campus classRoomMode Attendance is not mandatory but strongly recommended bibliography -Chimica Organica Essenziale 2a Edizione a cura di Bruno Botta (ediermes) -Guida Ragionata allo Svolgimento di Esercizi si Chimica Organica. D'Auria, Scafati, Zampella (Loghia)
MODULE II	-	-	-	-
MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT GIUSEPPINA FANELLI	Second Semester	6	BIO/11		Learning objectives OBJECTIVES: the course of molecular methodologies applied to environmental research aims to provide students with an overview of the biomolecular and analytical instrumental techniques used for environmental studies. Knowledge will be given to develop the knowledge of environmental influences on the biology of living organisms and on humans. Students will acquire conceptual tools to understand the methods for the study of the effects of pollutants on human health and the environment and for the evaluation of toxicological risk. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: at the end of the course the students will have to know the modern techniques of molecular biology used in the environmental field. They will understand the principles underlying the main molecular and analytical methods for the study of environmental pollutants. They will be able to correctly use the appropriate terminology used in molecular and analytical instrumental methodologies. They will be able to describe the structural elements of the main tools of a biochemical / molecular laboratory (liquid chromatography, spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer). They will know the classification of environmental toxic chemicals and their effect on humans. CAPACITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: mastery of analytical and molecular methods for the study of genetic-environmental variability. Ability to identify the analytical-molecular techniques to be applied in different cases. Ability to apply techniques related to the identification of environmental pollutants. JUDGMENT AUTONOMY: to have a concrete ability to integrate basic biomolecular knowledge and manage the complexity of problems in the environmental application field. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: ability to expose the acquired knowledge. The student must be able to present logically, concisely and rigorously, in various forms and with different tools, objectives, concepts, data and procedures of work or experimental analysis. LEARNING SKILLS: develop autonomous learning skills in the field of the discipline in question to increase their knowledge, constantly updating and keeping informed about new developments and bio-molecular methods used in the environmental field. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Exposure to environmental contaminants (Environmental pollution, Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution ). Pollutants in the environment: origin, diffusion, accumulation. Classification of toxic chemicals of environmental relevance. Toxic heavy metals Toxic organic compounds (dioxins, furans and PCBs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Toxicity of environmental contaminants towards cellular components, hints of genotoxicity. Genes and tumors, heredity of cancer risk. Molecular aspects of tumorigenesis. Cell death, apoptosis and necrosis in response to genotoxic agents. Molecular methods for studying the environment. PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, cloning, sequencing. PCR in real time. Application of molecular techniques for the study and isolation of environmental DNA, DNA/ RNA Stable isotopic probe. Fluorescent hybridization in situ (FISH, CARD-FISH, Raman-FISH, Nano-SIMS). Microarray. Analytical methodologies for the determination of all classes of environmental pollutants: liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of environmental pollutants. The techniques -omics : metabolomics. of proteomic mass spectrometry coupled to database analysis. Journal club with literature reading in the environmental field and use of molecular methodologies examMode The purpose of the oral test is to verify the theoretical basis of molecular biological methodologies relevant to the study of the environment. The evaluation of the examination will particularly take into account the articulation, precision and significance of the acquired theoretical content treated in an appropriate language. books - Francesco Amaldi Piero Benedetti Graziano Pesole Paolo Plevani Tecniche e metodi per la biologia molecolare - Mauro Maccarrone: Metodologie biochimiche e biomolecolari Strumenti e tecniche per il laboratorio del nuovo millennio Teacher's notes and teaching materials are provided during classes. At the beginning of the course, the teacher will provide a link to download the teaching material. mode Teaching is proposed through frontal lessons (48 hours). Learning materials will be made available to students prior to each lesson. The space will be dedicated to the analysis of scientific papers or normative texts which apply molecular methodologies in the field of the environment. classRoomMode The teacher recommends student involvement with shared discussion and analysis of the subjects presented. Students are encouraged to engage with the teacher throughout the lesson. Non-regular students are required to study the texts indicated in the bibliography and may consult the material produced by the teacher, such as the students present. All students requesting clarification should contact the teacher to make an appointment. bibliography The teaching material will be available on the Moodle platform. Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the professor for information on the program and on any additional bibliography.
HYDROBIOLOGY FULVIO CERFOLLI	Second Semester	6	BIO/07		Learning objectives EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES. The aim of the course is to provide students with the useful information to learn the theoretical bases of classical and modern hydrobiology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have enabled their development today. Expanding knowledge on aquatic organisms from a trophic-functional point of view. Students will have to learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of ecosystems in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, network analysis), and an understanding of the importance of managing these environments will be stimulated. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of inland water ecology and community ecology. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding. Having developed knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. Having acquired the notions of hydrobiology useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of inland waters. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the structures and functions of the various aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of hydrobiology. Judgment autonomy. Being able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated. Learning ability. Being able to discuss scientific issues related to hydrobiology and in general the academic ecology of aquatic environments also in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Lessons 1-2: The aquatic environment The water origin. The distribution of aquatic environments in the world. The chemical-physical characteristics of water: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, temperature, the curve of the BOD, phosphorus, nitrogen, turbidity and total solids. Energy inputs into aquatic environments: pasture chains and chains of debris. Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, the role of autochthonous allochthonous detritus . Lessons 3-4: The freshwater environments and their characterization The water cycle. Riverine landscapes. Lake environments. Aquatic ecosystems of transition. Wetlands. Other areas of water (underground rivers and lakes, springs high altitude, hydrothermal springs, interstitial waters). Freshwater habitats of Community interest. The classification of the lakes by trophic state. The organic contamination. Natural and antrhopic eutrophication. Lessons 5-10: Fauna and flora of inland waters Adaptations to water and to the different chemical-physical characteristics of the water. Macrophytes and phytoplankton (functional aspects and the role of riparian habitats). Zooplankton (Rotifers, Cladocerans, Copepods): diapause and quiescence, cyclomorphosis and vertical migrations. Benthos (insects, molluscs, crustaceans, Oligochaeta, planarians): parameters of the ecological niche, ontogenetic niche shift. Fish fauna of Italian inland waters, conservation status, composition of fish communities. Batracofauna, herpetofauna, ornithofauna and mammalofauna of aquatic environments. Trophic-functional classification of aquatic organisms. Zonation of the distribution of biodiversity in river and lake environments. Alien species. Lessons 11-15 Theoretical aquatic ecology The "River Continuum Concept". The "cascading effects". The zonation fish. Compartmental approach. Brief study of the ecology of inland waters. The trophic structures. The analysis of the stability of the ecosystem. Lessons 16-18 Tutorials on the field and in the laboratory. Use of microscopy and dichotomous keys (eg. Molluscs: gastropods and bivalves). Field instrumentation and laboratory (pH meter, oximeter, etc.). Sampling techniques (leaf packs, etc.). Experimental facilities for the study of the structures and functions of ecological communities of aquatic environments. examMode The oral exam focuses on the assessment of the knowledge of the topics covered in class and / or on the recommended bibliography. It is advisable to prepare the illustration of a topic of the student's choice in ppt or other format from which to develop the argument with links to other exam topics. books Textbooks: Dobson M., Frid C., 2009. Ecology of aquatic systems. Oxford University Press, II edizione D'Antoni S., Battisti C., Cenni M. e Rossi G.L. (a cura di), 2011. Contributi per la tutela della biodiversità delle zone umide. Rapporti ISPRA 153/11 Zerunian S., 2003. Piano d'azione generale per la conservazione dei pesci d'acqua dolce italiani. Quad. Cons. Natura 17, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica Cocchi R., Riga F. 2001. Linee guida per il controllo della nutria. Quad. Cons. Natura 5, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica Borin M., 2003. Fitodepurazione. Edagricole AAVV, 2004. La carta ittica dei fiumi Mignone Paglia e Marta. Provincia di Viterbo (a cura di). For non-attending students it is possible to contact the teacher for the delivery of the teaching material provided during the course. mode Classic lessons: Lectures in the classroom, presentations (ppt) with graphic illustrations, photographs and videos. Iterations with students with questions on the topics covered during the single lesson. Insights on the board. Live biological material (macroinvertebrates, fish) and collectible material (freshwatr molluscs). Classroom exercises for data processing (spreadsheet use). Laboratory exercises with the use of microscopes and stereoscopes. Sampling activities in the field. classRoomMode attendance at the course is optional bibliography Bellisario B., Cerfolli F., Nascetti G., 2011. Pattern of species occurrence in detritus-based system with variable connectivity. Web Ecology 11, pp 1-9. Bellisario B., Cerfolli F., Nascetti G., 2012. The interplay between network structure and functioning of detritus-based communities in patchy aquatic environment. Aquatic Ecology 46(4) pp 431-441 Bellisario B., Carere C., Cerfolli F., Angeletti D., Nascetti G., Cimmaruta R., 2013. Macrobenthic community dynamics in a manipulated hyperhaline ecosystem: a long-term study. Aquatic Biosystems 9:20, ISSN: 2046 – 9063. Cerfolli F., Bellisario B., Battisti C., 2013. Detritus-based assemblage responses under salinity stress conditions in a disused aquatic artificial ecosystem. Aquatic Biosystems 9:22, ISSN: 2046 – 9063. Battisti C, Kroha S, Kozhuharov E, De Michelis S, Fanelli G, Poeta G, Pietrelli L, Cerfolli F., 2019. Fishing lines and fish hooks as neglected marine litter: first data on chemical composition densities, and biological entrapment from a Mediterranean beach. . Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26: 1000-1007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3753-9 Cerfolli F, Livero D, Mastrogiovanni C, Di Giovanni M, 2019. Preliminary data on the behavioural responses of Spheniscus demersus to heat waves in the Bioparco di Roma. 10th Congress on Research in Parks. Congress Abstract Book, pp 66 Battisti C, Fanelli G, Cerfolli F, Amori G, Luiselli L, 2019. Body mass and trophic level variations in relation to habitat disturbante in a set of mammal species. Vie et Milieu – Life and Environment, 69: 147-152. Battisti C, Grosso G, Ioni S, Zullo F, Cerfolli F, 2021. Response of specialized birds to reed-bed aging in a Mediterranean wetland: Significant changes in bird biomass after two decades. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10007 Cerfolli F, Battisti C, 2020. Impact of exotic plant detritus on macrozoobenthic assemblages: evidence from a transitional aquatic ecosystem. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31: 419-429 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00908-8 Battisti C, Fanelli G, Filpa A, Cerfolli F, 2020, Giant Reed (Arundo donax) wrack as sink for plastic beach litter: First evidence and implication. Marine Pollution Bulletin 155 /2020)111179 Battisti C, Cerfolli F, 2022. Monk Parakeets Myiopsitta monachus in a suburban Eucalyptus woodpatch (waste water treatment plants, Ostia, central Italy): a note on nest site selection ALULA Volume 29 (1-2): 114-117 Battisti C, Cerfolli F, 2023. Marine mollusk thanatocoenoses along the coasts of the San Pietro Island (South-Western Sardinia): a first reasoning on species composition and biodiversity. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 2023, 38 (1): a024 (approved, in press) Cerfolli F, Battisti C., 2023.Urban waste-water treatment plants as hotspots for birds: Environmental assessment highlights the role of a single dominant gull. Ornithological Science ID OSJ-2023-022 (submitted)
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE VINCENZO PISCOPO	Second Semester	6	GEO/05		Learning objectives The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of geology useful to properly frame the environmental themes. The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that give rise to formation of rocks and their structure constitute central themes of the course. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge about the inner constitution of the Earth and the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy and the main geological structures. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to distinguish and classify the main types of rocks, to read and interpret geological map. Making judgments: Through the exercises on geological maps, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian areas. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language during the lessons and exercises on rocks classification and geological maps. Communication skills will be verified during examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze the essential geological features of an area. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Shape and dimensions of the Earth. The internal structure of the Earth: core, mantle and crust. Lithosphere and asthenosphere. Notes on plate tectonics. Elements of mineralogy: main physical and chemical properties, main minerals of rocks. Magmatic processes and igneous rocks. Magmatic consolidation. Structure and texture of igneous rocks. Methods of classification of intrusive, extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. Characteristics of the main igneous rocks. Volcanism: types of eruptions and types of volcanoes. Pyroclastic rocks. Exogenous processes and sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary processes: weathering, transport, sedimentation and diagenesis. Classification and characteristics of sedimentary rocks: silicoclastic; carbonatic; evaporitic; other chemical and biochemical rocks, residual rocks. Properties of sedimentary rocks. Principles of stratigraphy. Metamorphic processes and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic factors: temperature, pressure and fluid phase. Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic facies and types of metamorphism. Main metamorphic rocks. Outline of structural geology: folds, faults and thrusts. Earthquakes: causes, mechanisms and distribution of earthquakes. Overview of the chronology of Earth. Topographical maps. Geological maps. Erosive processes, rivers and river erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion, coastal erosion, landslides. examMode The assessment consists of an oral test and takes place in about 30 minutes. The exam topics are those covered during the course. In particular, classification of rocks, principles of stratigraphy and structural geology, exogenous and endogenous processes, topographic and geological maps will be the exam topics. books Grotzinger J.P., Jordan T.H. (2019) Understanding Earth. WH Freeman & Co. Ed. mode The course takes place through: - frontal lessons, - cartography exercises, and - rock recognition. classRoomMode Frequency recommended, but not mandatory. bibliography See suggested text.
118406 - CHEMICAL MONITORING LABORATORY ELIANA CAPECCHI	First Semester	6	CHIM/06		Learning objectives Educational Objectives: The course introduces and deepens the concepts and main experimental approaches on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring. Expected Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the main instrumental methods for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic and inorganic substances present in the environment. The knowledge will focus in particular on the chemical monitoring of water and soil; Applied knowledge and understanding: In addition to theoretical knowledge acquired through the study of chemical analysis methods, students will be able to apply the main concepts studied to the analysis of samples during practical exercises taken from real situations; Autonomy of judgment: The course offers connections with other disciplines in the Degree Course in Environmental Biological Sciences (including physics, general chemistry, and organic chemistry) providing integrated knowledge for understanding the methodological aspects of environmental chemical monitoring. Knowledge and practical application will allow autonomy of judgment and planning skills; Communication skills: Knowledge and practical application will also be useful in developing communication skills through the reading and interpretation of instrumental data obtained; Learning ability: Learning ability will be evaluated through exercises concerning theory and interpretation of instrumental data. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Data quality: Main validation parameters of an analytical method: limits of detection and quantification, sensitivity, robustness, recovery, and use of certified materials; concept of analytical uncertainty with reference to legal limits and the interpretation of experimental data; expression of analytical results; systematic and random contributions to uncertainty. (DM 260/2010, Annex 1, Pages 29-30) Primary environmental applications of atomic and molecular spectroscopy: flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption; plasma spectroscopy, ICP-MS. Sampling and sample preparation: representativeness of sampling in relation to the sampling technique used; sample preservation; sample compatibility with instrumental techniques; sample pre-treatment: liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extractions; sample purification. Principles of Organic Analytical Chemistry: Separation of mixtures: crystallization, solvent extraction: supercritical fluid extractions, distillation, chromatography. Chromatography: theoretical considerations, partition coefficient, resolution, the concept of theoretical plate. Types of chromatography: adsorption, partition, ion exchange, exclusion. Chromatographic methods: TLC, Gas Chromatography, HPLC. Spectroscopy: the electromagnetic spectrum, interaction between radiation and matter, the effect of chemical structure on absorption, Lambert-Beer's law. UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy. Calibration methods: external calibration, use of internal standards, method of additions. Environmental Chemistry: • Water: alkalinity and acidity, oxidation-reduction reactions, complexation, and chelation. Organic and inorganic pollutants: • Organic: hydrocarbons; polymers; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins. • Inorganic: N-NH4, N-NO3, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen (LIMeco descriptor). (DM 260/2010, Annex 1, Pages 62-64) Laboratory exercises: liquid-liquid extraction, analysis of N-NH4 and N-NO3 spectrophotometrically, analysis of organic pollutants using GC-MS (Analytical Methods for Water-APAT, IRSA). examMode The test will consist of an oral evaluation of the knowledge acquired books Chimica Ambientale, Casa Editrice: Zanichelli; Autore: C. Baird. Identificazione spettrometrica di composti organici; Editore: Zanichelli; Autore: R. M. Silverstein mode lectures and laboratory exercises classRoomMode Attendance at lessons is not mandatory. However, considering that teaching will be organized to ensure the centrality of the student's active role, participation in lessons is strongly recommended bibliography Chimica Ambientale, Casa Editrice: Zanichelli; Autore: C. Baird. Identificazione spettrometrica di composti organici; Editore: Zanichelli; Autore: R. M. Silverstein
- - ELECTIVE COURSE	First Semester	12
118395 - GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS	Second Semester	9	BIO/18		Learning objectives The principal aim of the course is to furnish the students with the theoretical bases of formal and post-genomic genetics as well as with the description of the experimental approaches used. Students must apprehend the logic of formal genetics and the methods of the genetic dissection of complex biological phenomena: genotype/phenotype correlation and their interactions with the environment. Relevant arguments will be: mutations, mutagenesis, DNA repair, mutations and carcinogenesis. The aim of the course is to provide students with the information necessary for understanding the theoretical foundations of classical and modern genetics and the experimental approaches that have allowed their definition. Students must learn the logic of formal genetic analysis and the methodologies of genetic dissection of biological phenomena. They will have to know how to connect the concepts of genotype and phenotype and the interaction of these with the environment. A relevant chapter of the course will be dedicated to the students' acquisition of the concepts of mutation, mutagenesis and repair of genetic damage; as well as the impact that these processes have in the generation of syndromes, in the onset of degenerative diseases and in the evolution of populations. The notions will be provided to understand the paradigm shift that took place in the post-genomic era, and the understanding of the importance of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic model systems will be stimulated. Knowledge and understanding. To have developed the knowledge of the principles of formal genetics: Mendelism, sex-linked inheritance, mapping of genes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, mutations, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, genetics of populations. Having acquired the basic notions of Environmental Mutagenesis and Molecular Genetics and having understood the potential of post-genomic analysis. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the patterns of inheritance and to solve problems in the various fields of Genetics. Autonomy of judgment. Being able to identify the appropriate rules of Genetics to apply to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. The students' ability to speak, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics covered will be stimulated. Learning ability. To be able to discuss scientific issues related to Genetics also in its medical applications and in its evolutionary implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.
118396 - BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY NICOLO' MERENDINO	Second Semester	7	BIO/10		Learning objectives Educational Goals The main objective of the course is to provide students with the concepts necessary to understand the biological phenomena and the energy variations connected to them and the metabolism. the course also aims to provide knowledge regarding the structure and function of the main biological molecules: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids as well as knowledge on cellular metabolism and its regulation. Finally, the course will introduce students to knowledge to describe the complex phenomena of communication, interaction and control of cellular and tissue functions with biochemical and molecular language. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding: Having developed knowledge of the principles of biochemistry in relation to carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; know the complex phenomena of communication, interaction and control of cellular and tissue functions and aims to highlight the relationships between structure and function of the main classes of biological molecules, the metabolic regulation at the molecular and cellular level; to make known the mechanisms that underlie the enzymatic functions. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Knowing how to use the information learned in class to be able to deal with biochemistry issues in a strictly scientific way; Furthermore, students are expected to be able to apply the knowledge acquired from the course in research, in the biotechnological industry and in the sector of biological and biochemical analyzes. Autonomy of judgment: Being able to identify and understand the scientific mechanisms that underlie biochemistry in order to be able to interpret and make adequate judgments regarding the problems relating to the interactions between the various biological molecules. Communication skills: Students' ability to talk, discuss and reflect on the topics raised during the lessons will be stimulated, especially insisting on the importance of the scientific method that led to the statements dealt with during the course. Learning skills: Being able to discuss scientific issues concerning the interaction between molecules and the cellular and molecular system also in its biomedical applications and in the implications in the relationship of biochemistry with health. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in oral classroom discussions. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond. Primary structure. Secondary structure: alpha helix, beta structure. Protein fibrose: keratin, collagen, elastin. Tertiary structure: globular proteins, protein stability and folding. Quaternary structure. Myoglobin. Hemoglobin: structure, heme (synthesis and degradation), oxygen bond, bond cooperativity, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, allosteric regulation. Pathological hemoglobins. Enzymes: introduction to enzymes: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, classification, substrate specificity. Enzymatic kinetics, Michaelis-Menten equation, Km, Kcat and Kcat / Km. Enzymatic inhibition: competitive, non-competitive, mixed. Mechanism of action of serine proteases. Carbohydrates: references to monosaccharides and disaccharides of biological interest. Interconversion of sugars. Structural polysaccharides (cellulose and chitin). Deposit polysaccharides (starch, glycogen). Krebs cycle. Glycoprotein: structure and function. Nucleotide formation. Blood groups. Lipids: fatty acids, triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, lipoproteins. Properties of lipid aggregates, micelles and liposomes and lipoproteins. Biological membranes: chemical composition, membrane structure. Movement of molecules through membranes, pores and channels. Active and passive transport simporto, antiporto etc. Water-soluble vitamin: general, definition and relationship with coenzymatic activity. Fat-soluble vitamins (A; D; E; K). For each vitamin: chemical structure, any biochemical precursors, deficiency effects, biochemical mechanism of action. examMode The exam takes place in the forms established by art. 23 of the University Teaching Regulations. A specific report is drawn up for this purpose, signed by the President and by the members of the commission and by the student examined. The vote is expressed in thirtieths, with possible praise. Passing the exam requires the awarding of a grade not lower than eighteen / thirty and involves the assignment of the corresponding university educational credits. In the evaluation of the tests and in the attribution of the final grade, the following will be taken into account: the level of knowledge of the demonstrated contents (superficial, appropriate, precise and complete, complete and thorough), the ability to apply the theoretical concepts (errors in applying the concepts , discreet, good, well established), of the capacity for analysis, synthesis and interdisciplinary connections (sufficient, good, excellent), of the capacity of critical sense and of formulation of judgments (sufficient, good, excellent), of the mastery of expression (exposure lacking, simple, clear and correct, safe and correct). In particular, questions will be asked about nutrients, their interaction with cells, organs and tissues and their effects on human health. Finally, knowledge on the digestion and absorption of nutrients and their metabolic fate will be requested. books 1) Lecture notes. 2) I principi di biochimica di Lehninger di David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox Zanichelli Editore ISBN: 8808920690 In alternativa. 3) La Chimica Organica e le macromolecole biologiche, di Butera-Lauricella Piccin Nuova Libraria ISBN:978-88-299-3057-9 mode The Biochemistry course will take place through lectures in the classroom supported by slides and graphic and photographic illustrations. The teaching method used will tend to provide the tools with a critical view of the biochemistry sector through practical examples and the comparison with different animal and plant species. Frontal lessons are equivalent to 7 credits (48 hours). classRoomMode Course attendance is not mandatory, however it is strongly recommended. bibliography 1) Lecture notes. 2) I principi di biochimica di Lehninger di David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox Zanichelli Editore ISBN: 8808920690 In alternativa. 3) La Chimica Organica e le macromolecole biologiche, di Butera-Lauricella Piccin Nuova Libraria ISBN:978-88-299-3057-9
118397 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SARA RINALDUCCI	Second Semester	7	BIO/11		Learning objectives OBJECTIVES. Course objective is to provide an overview of the molecular structure and function of the nucleic acids. The goal is to encourage students to acquire solid basic knowledge of molecular biology for studying and understanding the organization and evolution of genomes, but especially the molecular mechanisms that, in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, underlie and govern both the maintenance and the flow of genetic information. Moreover, the student will learn the basics of intracellular communication through the study of signal transduction pathways responsible for short-term responses. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. To possess the basics of biochemistry underlying the structure of nucleic acids, for understanding its biological function. Having acquired the concepts and knowledge necessary to understand the molecular and cellular bases of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To understand the main mechanisms of intracellular signaling and of functional protein-protein interactions. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. Knowing how to use the theoretical notions learned during the course for a critical analysis of molecular mechanisms at the basis of life. MAKING JUDGEMENTS. To be able to discuss the role of the cellular processes described in class, increasing the ability to translate the acquired theoretical concepts into application. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. To demonstrate the ability to summarize and effectively present the acquired information. To develop the ability to use the correct terminology. LEARNING SKILLS. To be able to grasp, rework and discuss the scientific issues dealt with in the lesson, including their evolutionary implications. Teacher's Profile courseProgram NUCLEIC ACIDS. The DNA structure. The double helix and Watson-Crick base pairs (DNA B). Alternative DNA secondary structures (DNA A, DNA Z). DNA topology (supercoiling, topoisomerases). DNA denaturation and renaturation. The RNA structure. Spatial arrangements of RNA. GENOME EVOLUTION AND ORGANIZATION. The gene: definition and structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Unique and repetitive sequences of DNA, coding and noncoding regions. The nucleosome and chromatin organization. Chemical modifications of histone N-terminal tails and their functional significance. DNA methylation. DNA REPLICATION. Structure and function of DNA polymerase. Fidelity and processivity of DNA polymerase. Specialized DNA polymerases. DNA helicase. The mechanism of DNA replication: initiation phase, strand synthesis, replication fork, termination, telomere and telomerase. Regulation of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES. RNA polymerase. Bacterial promoter recognition. RNA biosynthesis and maturation: initiation, elongation and termination steps. TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES. Eukaryotic promoters. RNA polymerase I, II and III. Key differences in transcription in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes. PRINCIPLES OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. Repressors and activators. DNA-binding domains in transcriptional regulators. Examples of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. RNA MATURATION. tRNA and rRNA maturation processes. Modifications of eukaryotic mRNA: capping, polyadenylation, editing. The splicing mechanism: chemistry of the reaction, spliceosome assembly. TRANSLATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION. The mechanism of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Examples of translation regulation. Non sense-mediated and non stop decay (NMD, NSD). PROTEIN POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. Lipidation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation of proteins. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING. Steroid hormones. Single- and multipass transmembrane receptors. G-proteins, AMPc, PKA, inositol triphosphate, DAG and PKC. Calcium signaling. examMode The examination will consist of an interview with open questions (at least three) on the topics covered during the course. The acquisition of basic knowledge concerning processes that involve DNA as the genetic material, with particular reference to the structure of nucleic acids, the mechanisms of duplication, transcription, RNA modifications, protein synthesis, intracellular signaling. In addition, the capabilities of analysis, synthesis and self-contained inter- and interdisciplinary connections will be tested. For the exam assessment and the award of the final vote, the mastery of expression will also be taken into account. books BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE di F. Amaldi, P. Benedetti, G. Pesole, P. Plevani (2018-terza ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana); BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE: principi e tecniche di M.M. Cox, J.A. Doudna, M. O'Donnel (2013-Zanichelli). BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE DELLA CELLULA di B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, D. Morgan, M. Raff, K. Roberts, P. Walter (2016-sesta ed. Zanichelli). mode The course consists of classroom lessons in which the topics covered by the program will be presented by using Power Point slides containing pictures and videos. classRoomMode Attendance at lessons is not compulsory, but strongly recommended bibliography The teaching material will be available on the Moodle platform. Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the professor for information on the program and on any additional bibliography.
118398 - GENERAL AND POPULATION ECOLOGY ROBERTA BISCONTI	Second Semester	9	BIO/07		Learning objectives The course aims to provide solid basic knowledge of the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relationships with the environment. The course aims to emphasize the hierarchical and interdisciplinary nature of ecology with the aim of encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. This is reflected in the organization of the program, that runs the hierarchical scale of the ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) to the structure and functioning of the communities (community ecology). The course will provide the basis for further studies in ecosystem and applied ecology, conservation of biodiversity and sustainable environmental management. Students who successfully complete this course will be able to: • understand and explain the ecological processes that govern the functioning of complex environmental systems • interpret the mechanisms that determine the distribution, abundance and relationships with the biotic and abiotic environment of organisms • understand the multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and integrative nature of the topics covered. • use evolutionary theories to address research questions on the causes of global change. • apply critical reading of scientific literature and independently investigate ecological issues, using the literature. • dealing with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems, and with the variety of investigation methods inherent to them, to formulate solid and evidence-based scientific questions. Teacher's Profile courseProgram General Ecology - The historical development of ecology; Ecology and its domain; Current state of ecological research in Italy. Ecology of the interactions between organisms and the physical environment: Conditions; Spatial and temporal variations; Adaptations in response to variations in environmental conditions; Limiting factors; Tolerance ranges; Environmental optima; Biological rhythms - climatic factors; Classification of climates; Phytogeographic zonation; Hints of paleoclimatology; Soil (solid, fluid and gaseous phase); Elements of paedogenesis; Soil classification; humus; Biological soil activity. Evolutionary Ecology - Genetic analysis of populations; Hardy-Weinberg's law; Genetic variability; Evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift); inbreeding; Wahlund effect; Balanced polymorphisms; Linkage disequilibrium; supergenes; Genetic divergence; Species concept; Reproductive isolation mechanisms; Speciation mechanisms; Hybrid zones and reinforcement; Sibling species; Biodiversity at the genetic level. Population ecology - Demography and dynamics: population structure and growth; Demographic parameters; Demographic tables; Intrinsic growth rate - numerical regulation of populations; Density dependent and independent factors; Exponential growth; environmental carrying capacity - logistic growth curve. Interspecific interactions: symbiosis; commensalism; inquilinism; antibiosis; parasitism; adaptations to parasitic life; coevolution; predation - adaptations to predation; cryptism; mimicry; intraspecific competition; interspecific competition; ecological niche; Principle of competitive exclusion; character displacement; r and K selection. examMode The oral exam will be carried out according to the "Regolamento didattico di Ateneo" books M. L. Cain, W. D. Bowman, S. D. Hacker, “Ecologia”. Piccin Editore. Smith & Smith "Elementi di Ecologia", Pearson. L. Bullini, S. Pignatti, A Virzo De Santo, "Ecologia Generale". UTET E. Odum, "Basi di Ecologia", Piccin Editore. Krebs "Ecology", Neebo Ed. mode The course provides front-page lectures, interactive and supported by Power Point presentations and audio-visual material, discussion of case studies, critical discussion of scientific articles, and field excursions. classRoomMode Attendance to the course is not mandatory, but strongly encouraged. bibliography M. L. Cain, W. D. Bowman, S. D. Hacker, “Ecologia”. Piccin Editore. Smith & Smith "Elementi di Ecologia", Pearson. L. Bullini, S. Pignatti, A Virzo De Santo, "Ecologia Generale". UTET E. Odum, "Basi di Ecologia", Piccin Editore. Krebs "Ecology", Neebo Ed. Additional material provided during the course.
118399 - ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY	Second Semester	6	BIO/07		Learning objectives Educational objectives: the program aims to help the student to: i) acquire basic scientific knowledge on the functioning of ecosystems and communities; ii) develop a multidisciplinary perspective in the study of ecosystems; iii) introduce the experimental method in the study of ecosystems and communities. Expected learning outcomes: the student is able to learn and master basic scientific knowledge and principles and link them to the specific cases of the program; is capable of independent judgment and of exercising critical sense; to schematically propose experiments to quantify the parameters being studied; to communicate clearly what has been learned.

SUBJECT	SEMESTER	CFU	SSD	LANGUAGE
118400 - GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY DAVID COSTANTINI	First Semester	9	BIO/09		Learning objectives The course aims to provide solid knowledge on physiological processes, from the cellular to the organism level. In particular, the course will allow you to: 1) understand the functions and the mechanisms of the physiological processes at cellular, organismal, and system level and their regulation and functional integration through different levels of organization in living organisms; 2) understand the adaptive and homeostatic capacities of organisms in response to environmental changes, both social and physical. The course will pose a solid basis for more specialized studies in neuroscience, behavioural physiology, comparative physiology, ecophysiology, and conservation physiology. Learning At the end of the course the students are expected to achieve the following knowledge and abilities: Knowledge: - Physiological processes and mechanisms in animals, with ability to connect and integrate different systems and other biological disciplines; - Understand the physiological connections between systems, of the relationships between organism and environment (internal and external) mediated by physiological processes, including the basic knowledge of the experimental approaches, also pharmacological, for the study of physiological mechanisms with emphasis on the coping response to stress, environmental challenges, and the interaction between ecological and physiological processes. Ability: - Ability to interpret the results of physiological studies; to understand role of the physiological responses of the organisms to the social and non-social environment; being able to understand the evolutionary and functional connection between anatomy, physiology, behaviour and environment. Being aware of the animal diversity of mechanisms that control the activity of the organisms; - Ability to describe physiological issues, with the appropriate technical/scientific language, both written and spoken; - Ability to use the acquired knowledge for understanding the physiological processes and mechanisms, from the ionic and biochemical to the organismal level. The achievement of this goal will also be pursued with group discussions on specific topics, also suggested by the students. Teacher's Profile courseProgram History of physiology; adaptation and phenotypic plasticity; experimental design; cell structure; cell membrane receptors; diffusion and osmosis; active transport; homeostasis; feedback concept; electrophysiology and action potential; energy and metabolism; oxidative stress; physiology of stress and glucocorticoids; principles of immunology; neuron; propagation of nerve impulses; synapses; central and peripheral nervous system; autonomic nervous system; muscle physiology; cardiovascular system; respiratory system; digestive system and nutrition; endocrine system (glands and hormones); thermal relationships; gas exchanges; osmoregulation; physiological regulation of migratory behaviour; orientation; physiology of reproduction; physiology and life-history; principles of ecophysiology and conservation physiology (captive breeding programs, land-use change, global warming); physiological consequences of exposure to chemical and non-chemical pollutants (noise and light pollution); physiology of growth and development; physiological basis of sexual and social signals. examMode The assessment test is oral and will contain a series of questions aimed at ascertaining the student's theoretical knowledge on the interpretation of the physiological mechanisms regulating adaptations of organisms to their environments. In addition, some questions will be aimed at solving a practical problem on the type of those faced during the lessons. The methods for attributing the final judgment are based on the number of correct answers, which must be greater than 60% of those proposed. books In italian: POLI et al., FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE, EdiSES STANFIELD, FISIOLOGIA, EdiSES In english: HILL et al., ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, Sinauer Associates WILLMER et al., ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMALS, Wiley-Blackwell BUTLER et al., ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, AN ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE, OUP Oxford MOYES and SCHULTE, PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, Pearson mode The course includes lectures, interactive and supported by Power Point presentations, audiovisuals, with stimulation to deepen specific topics and the choice of potential thesis topics. Propose an understanding of the multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and integrative nature of the topics covered. Case study discussion. Training seminars on specific topics. Critical discussion of scientific articles. classRoomMode Attendance is not compulsory but highly recommended. bibliography Romero 2004. Physiological stress in ecology: lessons from biomedical research. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, pp. 249-255. Cooke et al. 2013. What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science. Conservation Physiology, 1, 10.1093/conphys/cot001. Costantini 2019. Understanding diversity in oxidative status and oxidative stress: the opportunities and challenges ahead. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222, jeb194688.
118402 - APPLIED ECOLOGY FULVIO CERFOLLI	First Semester	7	BIO/07		Learning objectives Educational objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of applied ecology useful for correctly framing the environmental themes deriving from the interaction between man and natural ecosystems. The course introduces the main characteristics of ecosystems and analyzes the impacts on these ecosystems deriving from human activities, providing for each theme an overview of the management, technical and regulatory tools used to stem environmental degradation. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training the student will acquire the knowledge concerning the main anthropic impacts on marine, terrestrial and inland water ecosystems. The student will be able to understand the multiple effects that human activities imply, in terms of the imbalance of the stability of natural ecosystems. Applied knowledge and understanding The student will be able to find out about the technical options that can be applied in solving the most pressing environmental issues and will be able to identify the national and supranational regulatory tools through which these issues can be addressed. Autonomy of judgment During lectures and exercises, open discussion on the main environmental issues addressed is encouraged, in particular with regard to possible solutions to the most current environmental emergencies. The student will therefore acquire autonomy of judgment based on the knowledge learned and the dialectical comparison with colleagues and the teacher. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical-scientific language during the lessons and exercises, through the knowledge of the definitions and the main basic concepts in ecology and applied ecology. Communication skills will be verified during the exam. Ability to learn The student will have to demonstrate to be able to use the concepts learned to hypothesize the possible effects of human activities even in environmental contexts different from those considered as an example, based on the ecological characteristics of the considered environment. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Definition of Applied Ecology The preservation and environmental management: the legislative framework Definition and quantification of the quality of the environment: indicators and indices Alteration and pollution of ecosystems: inland waters and transitional waters, sea Alteration and pollution on a global scale Protection, safeguarding and recovery of ecosystems Elements of telemetry, use of satellite photos, drones, the remote data collection stations Management and protection of the coastline, preventing overfishing, restocking and fisheries development; artificial reefs Protected areas and their classification, marine protected areas, Natura 2000 network, protection, conservation and management of habitats and endangered species Legal administrative tools: environmental impact assessment, impact assessment, management plans Exercises and laboratory Sampling and analysis of macrozoobenthic communities Measuring the biodiversity Using software and statistical analysis of data Basic project tools to protect the nature examMode The oral exam focuses on the assessment of the knowledge of the topics covered in class and / or on the recommended bibliography. It is advisable to prepare the illustration of a topic of the student's choice in ppt or other format from which to develop the argument with links to other exam topics. books Dobson M., Frid C., 2009. Ecology of aquatic systems. Oxford University Press D‘Antoni S., Battisti C., Cenni M. e Rossi G.L. (a cura di), 2011. Contributi per la tutela della biodiversità delle zone umide. Rapporti ISPRA 153/11 (http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/biodiversita/allegato_rapporto_153_2011.pdf Zerunian S., 2003. Piano d’azione generale per la conservazione dei pesci d’acqua dolce italiani. Quad. Cons. Natura 17, Min. Ambiente – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica(http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/contentfiles/00006700/6726-17-qcn-pesci-acqua.pdf) Cocchi R., Riga F. 2001. Linee guida per il controllo della nutria. Quad. Cons. Natura 5, Min. Ambiente – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica(http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/biblioteca/protezione_natura/qcn_nutria.pdf) Borin M., 2003. Fitodepurazione. Edagricole AAVV, 2004. La carta ittica dei fiumi Mignone Paglia e Marta. Provincia di Viterbo (a cura di).http://www.parchilazio.it/documenti/pubblicazioni/3793_allegato1.pdf) The topics covered in class will be integrated with bibliographic material provided during the course. Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the teacher for information on the program, teaching materials and how to evaluate the profit. mode Classic lessons: Lectures in the classroom, presentations (ppt) with graphic illustrations, photographs and videos. Iterations with students with questions on the topics covered during the single lesson. Insights on the board. Live biological material (macroinvertebrates, fish) and collectible material (freshwatr molluscs). Classroom exercises for data processing (spreadsheet use). Laboratory exercises with the use of microscopes and stereoscopes. Sampling activities in the field. Online lessons; by videos without records classRoomMode Attendance is not compulsory. bibliography Dobson M., Frid C., 2009. Ecology of aquatic systems. Oxford University Press D‘Antoni S., Battisti C., Cenni M. e Rossi G.L. (a cura di), 2011. Contributi per la tutela della biodiversità delle zone umide. Rapporti ISPRA 153/11 (http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/biodiversita/allegato_rapporto_153_2011.pdf Zerunian S., 2003. Piano d’azione generale per la conservazione dei pesci d’acqua dolce italiani. Quad. Cons. Natura 17, Min. Ambiente – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica(http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/contentfiles/00006700/6726-17-qcn-pesci-acqua.pdf) Cocchi R., Riga F. 2001. Linee guida per il controllo della nutria. Quad. Cons. Natura 5, Min. Ambiente – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica(http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/biblioteca/protezione_natura/qcn_nutria.pdf) Borin M., 2003. Fitodepurazione. Edagricole AAVV, 2004. La carta ittica dei fiumi Mignone Paglia e Marta. Provincia di Viterbo (a cura di).http://www.parchilazio.it/documenti/pubblicazioni/3793_allegato1.pdf) The topics covered in class will be integrated with bibliographic material provided during the course. Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the teacher for information on the program, teaching materials and how to evaluate the profit.
118384 - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGICAL MONITEERING LABORATORY	-	12	-	-	Learning objectives The course aims to develop skills in the design and execution of biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation. Knowledge and understanding The knowledge acquired will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality. Knowledge and understanding applied The application of knowledge will be focused on the methodological study concerning the indices currently in use to evaluate the ecological status of the river courses. Making judgments The ability to formulate independent evaluations can be exercised in the interpretation of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at reasoned judgments. Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities. Learning skills The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices.
MODULE II DANIELA WILLEMS		6	BIO/06		Learning objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of ecotoxicology useful for correctly framing the issues relating to environmental and human health. The course introduces environmental issues related to the presence of xenobiotic chemicals and focuses attention on the mechanisms of cellular toxicity. The processes that lead to persistence / degradation, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, the use of cellular biomarkers and the use of in vitro cell cultures as a useful tool in the study of toxicity at various levels are the central themes of the course. The laboratory exercises aim to learn the main techniques for the in vitro cultivation of mammalian and / or fish cell lines and the procedures necessary to perform cytotoxicity and / or genotoxicity tests. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on what are the chemical / physical characteristics of the contaminants and the biotic and abiotic processes capable of influencing their environmental path and toxicity, will be able to describe the general principles to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different environmental contaminants on various levels of biological organization, research, evaluate, process relevant ecotoxicological information. Will be able to understand, organize and present data relating to an ecotoxicological study. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will have to demonstrate that they are able to experimentally manipulate cells in vitro to be used for ecotoxicological tests. Autonomy of judgment During the exercises and the bibliographic study, the student will acquire autonomy of critical judgment on the basis of the knowledge learned for the assessment of environmental risk and possible remedies. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical language while studying articles provided in class. The methods learned during the exercises include a short practical test. Communication and exhibition skills will be verified during the exam. Ability to learn The student will have to demonstrate to be able to use the methods learned to investigate different ecotoxicological problems. The student must be able to critically relate an ecotoxicological research through a presentation in ppt Teacher's Profile courseProgram The environmental fate of a pollutant in the different environmental compartments. Air, water, soil. Importance of ecotoxicology and cellular toxicology. Review of the structure and function of the cell and organization of pluricellular organisms (cells, tissues, organs, organisms). Cellular and molecular toxicity. The environment as an agent capable of modifying the phenotype and influencing the molecular aspects of development. Regulation of transcription and environmental interference. Transmission of epigenetic memory between generations, transmission of damage from xenobiotics. The importance of development for health and disease. Developmental toxicology. Biotransformation of xenobiotics. Bioindicators, and biomarkers, the search for the primary target of pollutants: the main biomarkers. Organ toxicity. Chemical carcinogenesis. Mechanisms of action of chemical carcinogens. Relationship between the individual's response and ecological effects. The study of the effects, exposure, absorption, distribution and excretion. Toxicity tests. Use of bacteria, algae, crustaceans, fish and mammals, evaluation tests (acute and chronic) and "endpoints" (LC50, EC50, IC50, NOEC, LOEL) Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification. The REACH program and Directive 91/414 / EEC for chemicals. Main classes of synthetic organic pollutants and evidence of their environmental effects. Toxic effects of metals The main physico-chemical properties of a pollutant and environmental persistence, degradative pathways found in nature. Persistent contaminants and global contamination. Notes on the forecast models for the assessment of the environmental fate of organic pollutants. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) models. Mixtures of toxic substances in the environment: an approach to the problem. Evaluation of the effects: toxicological tests at different levels of organization and complexity (laboratory, mesocosms etc). Bioremediation In vitro cell cultures applied to the ecotoxicological study. Main cell culture techniques examMode A test on lab practise in wich the student will show the acquired practical abilities and a discussion on a scientific journal paper about the course topics The exam takes place in the forms established by the University Didactic Regulations. A special report is drawn up, signed by the President and the members of the commission and by the student examined. The mark is expressed in thirtieths, with possible praise. Passing the exam presupposes the awarding of a mark of not less than eighteen / thirty and entails the attribution of the corresponding university educational credits. In the evaluation of the tests and in the attribution of the final mark, account will be taken of: the level of knowledge of the contents shown (superficial, appropriate, precise and complete, complete and thorough), the ability to apply the theoretical concepts (errors in applying the concepts , discreet, good, well established), the ability to analyze, synthesize and interdisciplinary connections (sufficient, good, excellent), the ability to make critical sense and formulate judgments (sufficient, good, excellent), mastery of expression (poor, simple, clear and correct, safe and correct exposure). The final exam is given a mark out of thirty, with possible honors. With a mark of not less than eighteen / thirty, the student will be admitted to the following tests, to which a total of thirty marks will be awarded with possible honors. The final mark will derive from the average of the marks resulting from the tests taken. books Ecotossicologia (M.Vighi –E.Bacci) Utet ed. (out of sale ) Ecotossicologia quantitativa applicata – (Baudo R.- Perin G.) Aracne editrice Fundamental of Ecotoxicology: The Science of Pollution. M.C. Newman Ed.CRC Press (Fifth edition 2019) Introduzione alle colture cellulari metodiche relative (Mariottini, Capicchioni,Guida, Mattioli, Penco, romano, Scarabelli) Morgan edizioni tecniche Eco –Devo. Ambiente e Biologia dello Sviluppo- Gilbert S.F., Epel D.- ed. Piccin During the lessons will be given links to recent journal articles or books on different related topics mode The course consists in: -40 hours in classroom, lessons, ppt presentations, discussions about scientific articles -8 hours of laboratory practise. classRoomMode Attendance to classroom lessons is reccomended but optional. Attendance to laboratory lessons is mandatory to pass the examination bibliography Essentials of Toxicology. Casarett & Doull's. McGraw Hill Medical Elementi di Ecologia- Smith & Smith
MODULE II ADRIANA BELLATI		6	BIO/05		Learning objectives The course aims to develop skills in the design and execution of biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation. Knowledge and understanding The knowledge acquired will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality. Knowledge and understanding applied The application of knowledge will be focused on the methodological study concerning the indices currently in use to evaluate the ecological status of the river courses. Making judgments The ability to formulate independent evaluations can be exercised in the interpretation of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at reasoned judgments. Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities. Learning skills The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices. Teacher's Profile courseProgram Changes in environmental quality, pollution and environmental monitoring (quality of soil, water bodies, air); General characteristics of inland waters: lentic and lotic environments (structure of lakes and self-purifying capacity, metabolic efficiency, river continuum concept, ecological and hydroclimatic factors of rivers); Biological monitoring of surface water bodies; The use of biological indicators for assessing the quality of running waters; The biological indices (of diversity, the saprobic system and the biotic indexes -BMWP, IBE, ASPT); The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60 / EC): typing, different types of monitoring, reference conditions; The elements of biological quality (EQB): Macroinvertebrates, Macrophytes, Diatoms and Pisces; The Macroper index; Sampling techniques, including complex environmental matrices, collection tools and biological conservation; The determination of the ecological status of a superficial watercourse through Macroinvertebrates and the elements of chemical-physical and hydromorphological quality in support. The most recent methodologies for the isolation and the analysis of diagnostic DNA markers for environmental monitoring. examMode Oral exam on principles and general concepts of environmental biomonitoring. Focus on Water Framework Directive. Practical test of recognition of benthic macroinvertebrates. Application of the Macroper index. In order to passa the exam, the student must be confident with the general principles of biomonitoring. The final mark will be formulate according to the familiarity of the student with concepts and principles of biomonitoring and he/she ability in describing protocols for biomonitoring. books Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) IRSA manuals ISPRA manuals Atlases and identification cards The textbooks will be provided by the teacher, who will indicate the links for the retrieval mode Lectures (20 hours, blended modality), field and laboratory exercises (8 hours, sampling and separation of organisms, taxonomic identification), classroom exercises (12 hours, application of monitoring indices). classRoomMode Attending lessons is not mandatory. Attending fieldwork, laboratory activities and classroom excercises is not mandatory as well, but strongly encouraged. bibliography See Texts
118401 - GENERAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY SUSANNA GORRASI	Second Semester	9	BIO/19		Learning objectives Formation Goals. The course will permit the comprehension of the morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristic of microorganisms (mainly prokaryotic); their role in nature and the interactions with other organisms. Moreover, it will consent to acquire the basic techniques for the manipulation of microorganisms in laboratory, their identification and the study of microbial communities. The course will permit to understand the principal interactions between microorganisms and environment particularly in relation with the bio-geochemical cycles. The course will supply a reference framework to comprehend modern aspect related to the microbial world and the potential applications of useful microorganisms. The course will supply the basic formation for further specialized studies in microbial ecology, environmental and medical microbiology. Learning results Knowledge and understanding (ability). To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of the microbial biology, their metabolism, their role in nature, the interaction between microorganisms environment and other organisms, their potential in biotechnology. Applying knowledge and understanding (Ability to apply knowledge and understanding). To understand the issues related to the relationships between microorganism, mankind and environment. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the microbial world. Making judgement (Independent judgement). The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in microbiology. The ability to understand the role of the microorganisms in the environment and their influence on the biology of other organisms. Communication skills. Ability to describe scientific topics related to microbiology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language. Learning skills. Ability to use the methods acquired for microorganism recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences. Teacher's Profile courseProgram 1) History of microbiology: discovery of the microbial world; the “Abiogeny” dispute, microorganisms and their environment, impact of microorganisms on man: pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms. 2) The laboratory of microbiology: the microscope, mentions of optical physics, preparation of microscope slides, electron microscopy and other microscopy techniques. The pure culture, microbial nutrition and preparation of culture media. Theory and practice of sterilization. 3) Cytology: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: general concepts, structure and ultra-structure of bacterial cells, structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, transports through the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, structure and function, the cell wall of Gram + and Gram – bacteria, Archaeal and eukaryotic cell walls, capsules and other envelopes, motility, flagella and chemotaxis, endospore structure and function, mentions of eukaryotic spores. 4) Cell physiology: reminders of chemistry and cell biochemistry (redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport, high energy compounds), biological energy production, glycolysis and alternative pathways; NAD re-oxidation: fermentations (alcoholic and lactic); aerobic respiration (TCA, electron transport phosphorylation, energy balance in respiration), mentions of anaerobic respiration and biosynthesis. 5) Microbial growth: growth of a single cell and of a microbial population, diauxic growth, effect of environmental parameters on growth (pH, temperature, etc.), methods for the control of microbial growth. 6) Principles of molecular and bacterial genetics (reminders): DNA structure, restriction enzymes, DNA replication, genetic elements, gene rearrangement, transposons, transcription, structure and function of mRNA and tRNA, translation and protein synthesis, genetic code mutations and mutagens; bacterial recombination (in details), transformation, transduction, plasmids and conjugation. 7) Virology: “anatomy” and structure of viral particles; viral counts; general concepts of viral reproduction, principles of viral genetics, RNA/DNA phages, temperate and lytic bacterial viruses; some important animal and plant viruses (mentions). 8) Microbial ecology: isolation and identification of microorganisms (recalls), interactions among microbial population and between microorganisms and other organisms; microbial ecosystems; methods for the study of microbial ecology and diversity; biogeochemical cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Iron, Sulphur, etc.). 9) Microbial classification and phylogeny (mentions) 10) Environmental biotechnology: pollution and depollution; role of microorganisms in environmental decontamination, Soil and water bioremediation; aerobic/anaerobic catabolism of environmental pollutants, treatment of water and wastewater; Some study cases. 11)Microbial Biotechnology: microorganism of industrial interest, screening for industrial metabolites/enzymes. Bioreactors, structure and design, scale-up, primary and secondary metabolites; production of antibiotics, enzymes, etc. (mentions). Enzyme and cell immobilization (mentions) 12) Pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms, mentions of medical microbiology. Pathogenic microorganisms in food and waters (mentions); Microbiological analysis of water Some practical/laboratory lectures will be added to better explain some topics of laboratory techniques examMode The examination goal is to verify the general level of comprehension of the discipline. The student evaluation will be done by an oral examination regarding the whole course program. The examination will be considered approved by a minimum score of 18/30. books Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, D.A. Stahl, D.P. Clark, Pearson, 2012. Vol.1 e 2 (or any other more recent edition) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Vol. 1 e 2A Biologia dei microrgamismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2018. Microbiologia ambientale ed elementi di ecologia microbica di Barbieri, Bestetti, Galli, Zannoni, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2008 The lectures slides (PDF) are available on line. During the course, some scientific publications will be distributed and discussed. Other recent textbooks of General Microbiology could be used after a preliminary check with the teacher. mode The course will consist in oral lectures regarding the published program and supported by Power Point presentations (available on line on Moodle platform). It is possible that few scientific papers will be discussed too classRoomMode Attendance to classes is not mandatory, but it strongly suggested to better understand the topics bibliography The suggested text books are sufficient to get the necessary information. The teacher will supply additional literature if necessary.
118403 - BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY MARCO MARCELLI	Second Semester	8	BIO/07		Learning objectives The sea and oceans are home to fundamental biological and physical processes for the life and physical and chemical balance of the entire planet and are rich in renewable living resources, which provide valuable nutrients and molecules for human life and health. They are also such a favorable habitat for life as to constitute a privileged location for the development of life and have a very high biodiversity, with all the Phyla represented, of which many are exclusively marine. The aim of the course is therefore to build an educational path that, through lectures, laboratory and sea exercises, leads students to know the habitats, the functioning mechanisms of the marine ecosystem in its abiotic and biotic components, analyzing their interrelationships at different spatial and temporal scales. Expected learning outcomes 1) Knowledge and understanding To have developed knowledge related to the physical, chemical and biological properties of sea water. Knowledge related to the main marine, oceanic and coastal habitats and to pelagic and benthic organisms. Understanding of the main mechanisms of functioning of the marine ecosystem in its abiotic and biotic components by analyzing their interrelationships at different spatial and temporal scales. 2) Knowledge and understanding skills applied Experimental approach to the study of oceanography and to the study of marine ecosystems through the use of the main sampling techniques and analysis methodologies presented during the lectures and carried out during the didactic exercises. 3) Autonomy of judgment Being able to evaluate and deal with the appropriate skills, competences and critical sense of the study of the different issues concerning the oceanic and coastal marine environment presented during the course. 4) Communication skills Being able to master the main topics addressed during the course with a correct scientific language. 5) Ability to learn Being able to apply the knowledge acquired, during lectures and exercises, to cases that require the integration of the topics covered during the course. Teacher's Profile courseProgram The course includes part of theoretical lessons and exercises in the laboratory and in the field, dealing with the topics specified below. Historical notes on the birth of oceanography as a science. Physiographic characteristics of marine environments. Origin and evolution of marine and oceanic waters. The water cycle and the oceans. The chemical composition of sea water, the interaction with the atmosphere, carbon dioxide and the balance of carbonates. The cyclic salts. The physical properties of sea water. The Earth and the solar system. The energy balance of the Earth. The atmosphere and atmospheric circulation. Relations between climate and oceans. Exchanges of energy between the sea and the atmosphere. Energy distribution on the earth's surface. The distribution of the fundamental variables of marine and oceanic water masses. The Coriolis force. Horizontal and vertical movements of water masses, wave motion, sea currents and other dynamic phenomena. Pelagic and benthic organisms. The ecotypological classification of marine organisms. Introduction to marine biology: phytoplankton, zooplankton, necton and benthos. The regulating variables of biological processes and the distribution of organisms. Phytoplankton and primary production. Solar radiation and its ecological significance. Biomass, production and biological productivity. Photosynthesis, production and growth. The environmental regulatory factors of PP. The limiting factors. Gross and net production. Trophic levels, food chains and webs. Trophic transfer efficiencies. Methods of estimating Primary Production at sea. Marine, oceanic and coastal habitats. The zoning of the benthos and the Mediterranean benthic biocoenoses: the classifications of Perès Picard and Riedl. Energy flows and biogeochemical cycles (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon cycles). Energy flow and trophic structure of ecosystems: ecological pyramids and efficiencies. The dynamics of marine ecosystems. Time and dimensional scales. Micro-scale processes: the boundary layer, the vertical structure and the biology of the mixed layer. Meso-scale processes: ecological phenomena associated with upwelling, fronts, tides and internal waves. Macro-scale processes: the ecology of large-scale phenomena (major currents, gyres, eddies). Oceans and Global Change: physical and biological aspects, the role of the "biological pump". examMode Written and Oral Exam The purpose of the written test is a preliminary assessment preparatory to the oral exam. The oral exam will have as its objective the verification of the knowledge and skills acquired during the course through the adequate exposure and argumentation of the topics addressed in the program and of the learning objectives. books Lecture notes by prof. Marco Marcelli, available on Unitus Moodle (https://moodle.unitus.it). mode Frontal lessons Experimental activities Seminars Field didactic experiences Organized external visits classRoomMode Optional attendance bibliography Mann, Kenneth Henry, and John RN Lazier. Dynamics of marine ecosystems: biological-physical interactions in the oceans. John Wiley & Sons, 2013. TRUJILLO, A. P.; THURMAN, H. V. Introductory Oceanography. 2007. Marco Marcelli Lecture Notes
118404 - STAGE	Second Semester	6
118405 - THESIS	Second Semester	7

Learning objectives

OBJECTIVES: the course of molecular methodologies applied to environmental research aims to provide students with an overview of the biomolecular and analytical instrumental techniques used for environmental studies. Knowledge will be given to develop the knowledge of environmental influences on the biology of living organisms and on humans.
Students will acquire conceptual tools to understand the methods for the study of the effects of pollutants on human health and the environment and for the evaluation of toxicological risk.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: at the end of the course the students will have to know the modern techniques of molecular biology used in the environmental field. They will understand the principles underlying the main molecular and analytical methods for the study of environmental pollutants. They will be able to correctly use the appropriate terminology used in molecular and analytical instrumental methodologies. They will be able to describe the structural elements of the main tools of a biochemical / molecular laboratory (liquid chromatography, spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer). They will know the classification of environmental toxic chemicals and their effect on humans.
CAPACITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: mastery of analytical and molecular methods for the study of genetic-environmental variability. Ability to identify the analytical-molecular techniques to be applied in different cases. Ability to apply techniques related to the identification of environmental pollutants.
JUDGMENT AUTONOMY: to have a concrete ability to integrate basic biomolecular knowledge and manage the complexity of problems in the environmental application field.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS: ability to expose the acquired knowledge. The student must be able to present logically, concisely and rigorously, in various forms and with different tools, objectives, concepts, data and procedures of work or experimental analysis.
LEARNING SKILLS: develop autonomous learning skills in the field of the discipline in question to increase their knowledge, constantly updating and keeping informed about new developments and bio-molecular methods used in the environmental field.

Teacher's Profile

courseProgram

Exposure to environmental contaminants (Environmental pollution, Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution ). Pollutants in the environment: origin, diffusion, accumulation. Classification of toxic chemicals of environmental relevance. Toxic heavy metals Toxic organic compounds (dioxins, furans and PCBs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Toxicity of environmental contaminants towards cellular components, hints of genotoxicity. Genes and tumors, heredity of cancer risk. Molecular aspects of tumorigenesis. Cell death, apoptosis and necrosis in response to genotoxic agents. Molecular methods for studying the environment. PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, cloning, sequencing. PCR in real time. Application of molecular techniques for the study and isolation of environmental DNA, DNA/ RNA Stable isotopic probe. Fluorescent hybridization in situ (FISH, CARD-FISH, Raman-FISH, Nano-SIMS). Microarray.
Analytical methodologies for the determination of all classes of environmental pollutants: liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of environmental pollutants.
The techniques -omics : metabolomics. of proteomic mass spectrometry coupled to database analysis.
Journal club with literature reading in the environmental field and use of molecular methodologies

examMode

The purpose of the oral test is to verify the theoretical basis of molecular biological methodologies relevant to the study of the environment.
The evaluation of the examination will particularly take into account the articulation, precision and significance of the acquired theoretical content treated in an appropriate language.

books

- Francesco Amaldi Piero Benedetti Graziano Pesole Paolo Plevani
Tecniche e metodi per la biologia molecolare
- Mauro Maccarrone: Metodologie biochimiche e biomolecolari
Strumenti e tecniche per il laboratorio del nuovo millennio

Teacher's notes and teaching materials are provided during classes.
At the beginning of the course, the teacher will provide a link to download the teaching material.

mode

Teaching is proposed through frontal lessons (48 hours). Learning materials will be made available to students prior to each lesson. The space will be dedicated to the analysis of scientific papers or normative texts which apply molecular methodologies in the field of the environment.

classRoomMode

The teacher recommends student involvement with shared discussion and analysis of the subjects presented. Students are encouraged to engage with the teacher throughout the lesson. Non-regular students are required to study the texts indicated in the bibliography and may consult the material produced by the teacher, such as the students present. All students requesting clarification should contact the teacher to make an appointment.

bibliography

The teaching material will be available on the Moodle platform. Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the professor for information on the program and on any additional bibliography.

Learning objectives

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES. The aim of the course is to provide students with the useful information to learn the theoretical bases of classical and modern hydrobiology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have enabled their development today. Expanding knowledge on aquatic organisms from a trophic-functional point of view. Students will have to learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of ecosystems in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, network analysis), and an understanding of the importance of managing these environments will be stimulated. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of inland water ecology and community ecology.

EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding. Having developed knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. Having acquired the notions of hydrobiology useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of inland waters. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the structures and functions of the various aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of hydrobiology. Judgment autonomy. Being able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated. Learning ability. Being able to discuss scientific issues related to hydrobiology and in general the academic ecology of aquatic environments also in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions.

Teacher's Profile

courseProgram

Lessons 1-2: The aquatic environment
The water origin. The distribution of aquatic environments in the world. The chemical-physical characteristics of water: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, temperature, the curve of the BOD, phosphorus, nitrogen, turbidity and total solids. Energy inputs into aquatic environments: pasture chains and chains of debris. Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, the role of autochthonous allochthonous detritus .

Lessons 3-4: The freshwater environments and their characterization
The water cycle. Riverine landscapes. Lake environments. Aquatic ecosystems of transition. Wetlands. Other areas of water (underground rivers and lakes, springs high altitude, hydrothermal springs, interstitial waters). Freshwater habitats of Community interest. The classification of the lakes by trophic state. The organic contamination. Natural and antrhopic eutrophication.

Lessons 5-10: Fauna and flora of inland waters
Adaptations to water and to the different chemical-physical characteristics of the water. Macrophytes and phytoplankton (functional aspects and the role of riparian habitats). Zooplankton (Rotifers, Cladocerans, Copepods): diapause and quiescence, cyclomorphosis and vertical migrations. Benthos (insects, molluscs, crustaceans, Oligochaeta, planarians): parameters of the ecological niche, ontogenetic niche shift. Fish fauna of Italian inland waters, conservation status, composition of fish communities. Batracofauna, herpetofauna, ornithofauna and mammalofauna of aquatic environments. Trophic-functional classification of aquatic organisms. Zonation of the distribution of biodiversity in river and lake environments. Alien species.

Lessons 11-15 Theoretical aquatic ecology
The "River Continuum Concept". The "cascading effects". The zonation fish. Compartmental approach. Brief study of the ecology of inland waters. The trophic structures. The analysis of the stability of the ecosystem.

Lessons 16-18 Tutorials on the field and in the laboratory.
Use of microscopy and dichotomous keys (eg. Molluscs: gastropods and bivalves). Field instrumentation and laboratory (pH meter, oximeter, etc.). Sampling techniques (leaf packs, etc.). Experimental facilities for the study of the structures and functions of ecological communities of aquatic environments.

examMode

The oral exam focuses on the assessment of the knowledge of the topics covered in class and / or on the recommended bibliography. It is advisable to prepare the illustration of a topic of the student's choice in ppt or other format from which to develop the argument with links to other exam topics.

books

Textbooks:
Dobson M., Frid C., 2009. Ecology of aquatic systems. Oxford University Press, II edizione
D'Antoni S., Battisti C., Cenni M. e Rossi G.L. (a cura di), 2011. Contributi per la tutela della biodiversità delle zone umide. Rapporti ISPRA 153/11
Zerunian S., 2003. Piano d'azione generale per la conservazione dei pesci d'acqua dolce italiani. Quad. Cons. Natura 17, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica
Cocchi R., Riga F. 2001. Linee guida per il controllo della nutria. Quad. Cons. Natura 5, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica
Borin M., 2003. Fitodepurazione. Edagricole
AAVV, 2004. La carta ittica dei fiumi Mignone Paglia e Marta. Provincia di Viterbo (a cura di).

For non-attending students it is possible to contact the teacher for the delivery of the teaching material provided during the course.

mode

Classic lessons: Lectures in the classroom, presentations (ppt) with graphic illustrations, photographs and videos. Iterations with students with questions on the topics covered during the single lesson. Insights on the board. Live biological material (macroinvertebrates, fish) and collectible material (freshwatr molluscs). Classroom exercises for data processing (spreadsheet use). Laboratory exercises with the use of microscopes and stereoscopes. Sampling activities in the field.

classRoomMode

attendance at the course is optional

bibliography

Bellisario B., Cerfolli F., Nascetti G., 2011. Pattern of species occurrence in detritus-based system with variable connectivity. Web Ecology 11, pp 1-9.

Bellisario B., Cerfolli F., Nascetti G., 2012. The interplay between network structure and functioning of detritus-based communities in patchy aquatic environment. Aquatic Ecology 46(4) pp 431-441

Bellisario B., Carere C., Cerfolli F., Angeletti D., Nascetti G., Cimmaruta R., 2013. Macrobenthic community dynamics in a manipulated hyperhaline ecosystem: a long-term study. Aquatic Biosystems 9:20, ISSN: 2046 – 9063.

Cerfolli F., Bellisario B., Battisti C., 2013. Detritus-based assemblage responses under salinity stress conditions in a disused aquatic artificial ecosystem. Aquatic Biosystems 9:22, ISSN: 2046 – 9063.

Battisti C, Kroha S, Kozhuharov E, De Michelis S, Fanelli G, Poeta G, Pietrelli L, Cerfolli F., 2019. Fishing lines and fish hooks as neglected marine litter: first data on chemical composition densities, and biological entrapment from a Mediterranean beach. . Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26: 1000-1007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3753-9

Cerfolli F, Livero D, Mastrogiovanni C, Di Giovanni M, 2019. Preliminary data on the behavioural responses of Spheniscus demersus to heat waves in the Bioparco di Roma. 10th Congress on Research in Parks. Congress Abstract Book, pp 66

Battisti C, Fanelli G, Cerfolli F, Amori G, Luiselli L, 2019. Body mass and trophic level variations in relation to habitat disturbante in a set of mammal species. Vie et Milieu – Life and Environment, 69: 147-152.

Battisti C, Grosso G, Ioni S, Zullo F, Cerfolli F, 2021. Response of specialized birds to reed-bed aging in a Mediterranean wetland: Significant changes in bird biomass after two decades. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10007

Cerfolli F, Battisti C, 2020. Impact of exotic plant detritus on macrozoobenthic assemblages: evidence from a transitional aquatic ecosystem. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31: 419-429 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00908-8

Battisti C, Fanelli G, Filpa A, Cerfolli F, 2020, Giant Reed (Arundo donax) wrack as sink for plastic beach litter: First evidence and implication. Marine Pollution Bulletin 155 /2020)111179

Battisti C, Cerfolli F, 2022. Monk Parakeets Myiopsitta monachus in a suburban Eucalyptus woodpatch (waste water treatment plants, Ostia, central Italy): a note on nest site selection ALULA Volume 29 (1-2): 114-117

Battisti C, Cerfolli F, 2023. Marine mollusk thanatocoenoses along the coasts of the San Pietro Island (South-Western Sardinia): a first reasoning on species composition and biodiversity. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 2023, 38 (1): a024 (approved, in press)

Cerfolli F, Battisti C., 2023.Urban waste-water treatment plants as hotspots for birds: Environmental assessment highlights the role of a single dominant gull. Ornithological Science ID OSJ-2023-022 (submitted)

Learning objectives

The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of geology useful to properly frame the environmental themes. The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that give rise to formation of rocks and their structure constitute central themes of the course.

Expected learning outcomes

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge about the inner constitution of the Earth and the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy and the main geological structures.

Applied knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to distinguish and classify the main types of rocks, to read and interpret geological map.

Making judgments:
Through the exercises on geological maps, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian areas.

Communication skills:
The student will acquire an appropriate technical language during the lessons and exercises on rocks classification and geological maps. Communication skills will be verified during examination.

Learning skills:
The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze the essential geological features of an area.

Teacher's Profile

courseProgram

Shape and dimensions of the Earth. The internal structure of the Earth: core, mantle and crust. Lithosphere and asthenosphere. Notes on plate tectonics.
Elements of mineralogy: main physical and chemical properties, main minerals of rocks.
Magmatic processes and igneous rocks. Magmatic consolidation. Structure and texture of igneous rocks. Methods of classification of intrusive, extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. Characteristics of the main igneous rocks. Volcanism: types of eruptions and types of volcanoes. Pyroclastic rocks.
Exogenous processes and sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary processes: weathering, transport, sedimentation and diagenesis. Classification and characteristics of sedimentary rocks: silicoclastic; carbonatic; evaporitic; other chemical and biochemical rocks, residual rocks. Properties of sedimentary rocks. Principles of stratigraphy.
Metamorphic processes and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic factors: temperature, pressure and fluid phase. Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic facies and types of metamorphism. Main metamorphic rocks.
Outline of structural geology: folds, faults and thrusts.
Earthquakes: causes, mechanisms and distribution of earthquakes.
Overview of the chronology of Earth.
Topographical maps. Geological maps.
Erosive processes, rivers and river erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion, coastal erosion, landslides.

examMode

The assessment consists of an oral test and takes place in about 30 minutes. The exam topics are those covered during the course. In particular, classification of rocks, principles of stratigraphy and structural geology, exogenous and endogenous processes, topographic and geological maps will be the exam topics.

books

Grotzinger J.P., Jordan T.H. (2019) Understanding Earth. WH Freeman & Co. Ed.

mode

The course takes place through:
- frontal lessons,
- cartography exercises, and
- rock recognition.

classRoomMode

Frequency recommended, but not mandatory.

bibliography

See suggested text.

CHOICE GROUPS	YEAR/SEMESTER	CFU	SSD	LANGUAGE
MODULE II	-	6	-	-
118425 - MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT GIUSEPPINA FANELLI	Second Year / First Semester	6	BIO/11
118393 - HYDROBIOLOGY FULVIO CERFOLLI	Second Year / First Semester	6	BIO/07
118394 - INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE VINCENZO PISCOPO	Second Year / First Semester	6	GEO/05

Cookie	Duration	Description
ASP.NET_SessionId	session	Issued by Microsoft's ASP.NET Application, this cookie stores session data during a user's website visit.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertisement	1 year	Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie records the user consent for the cookies in the "Advertisement" category.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional	11 months	The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
CookieLawInfoConsent	1 year	CookieYes sets this cookie to record the default button state of the corresponding category and the status of CCPA. It works only in coordination with the primary cookie.
csrftoken	1 year	This cookie is associated with Django web development platform for python. Used to help protect the website against Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks
wpEmojiSettingsSupports	session	WordPress sets this cookie when a user interacts with emojis on a WordPress site. It helps determine if the user's browser can display emojis properly.

Cookie	Duration	Description
NID	6 months	Google sets the cookie for advertising purposes; to limit the number of times the user sees an ad, to unwanted mute ads, and to measure the effectiveness of ads.
VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE	6 months	YouTube sets this cookie to measure bandwidth, determining whether the user gets the new or old player interface.
VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA	6 months	YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's cookie consent state for the current domain.
YSC	session	Youtube sets this cookie to track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages.
yt-remote-connected-devices	never	YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's video preferences using embedded YouTube videos.
yt-remote-device-id	never	YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's video preferences using embedded YouTube videos.
yt.innertube::nextId	never	YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.
yt.innertube::requests	never	YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.

Cookie	Duration	Description
_ga	1 year 1 month 4 days	Google Analytics sets this cookie to calculate visitor, session and campaign data and track site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognise unique visitors.
_ga_*	1 year 1 month 4 days	Google Analytics sets this cookie to store and count page views.

#WEUNITUS

General Info

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

classRoomMode

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode

books

mode

classRoomMode

bibliography

Learning objectives

courseProgram

examMode